Since 1933, the National Park Service has maintained Mount Rushmore. Two million people visit the memorial each year.
In this article, we’ll cover 9 facts about Mount Rushmore.
>> Plan your educational trip to Mount Rushmore.
Since 1933, the National Park Service has maintained Mount Rushmore. Two million people visit the memorial each year.
In this article, we’ll cover 9 facts about Mount Rushmore.
>> Plan your educational trip to Mount Rushmore.
In 1923, South Dakota historian Doane Robinson proposed a colossal sculpture in the Black Hills National Forest to promote tourism.
The original plan included figures from the American West, like Buffalo Bill Cody, Lewis and Clark, and Indian chiefs. The project was redirected towards honoring American presidents.
President Calvin Coolidge was initially asked to write the words for the Entablature and played a crucial role in authorizing federal funding for the sculpture during a challenging economic period.
The carving of Mount Rushmore began in 1927 and finished in 1941. Gutzon Borglum was the sculptor behind Mount Rushmore. He died in 1941 before the project was finished and his son Lincoln Borglum completed the project.
Mount Rushmore under construction, date unknown.
The four presidents on Mount Rushmore—George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln—represent four periods in American history: the founding, expansion, preservation and development of the United States.
Thomas Jefferson’s face was initially carved to the left of George Washington but due to unstable rock, the partially completed carving was removed. Jefferson was re-sculpted on Washington’s right.
Most of the carving to shape the granite face of the mountain was done by miners with dynamite.
The original plan was to carve the presidents from head to waist. However, budget shortfalls and time constraints narrowed the scope of work.
The Hall of Records is a secret room with a titanium vault located behind Abraham Lincoln’s head. It stores important historical documents from U.S. history.
The unfinished hall of records behind Abraham Lincoln’s head, just as Gutzon Borglum left it.
Most visitors stop at the Grand View Terrace, but the President’s Trail has better views. The trail loops around the base of the mountain and gives you opportunities to spot local wildlife like Rocky Mountain goats or mule deer.
Most recent detailed Mount Rushmore map, zooming in on the monument and showing the buildings and facilities as well as the loop trail that takes you right to the base of the presidents.
Mount Rushmore Memorial is located in the Black Hills, a region sacred to the Sioux Nation. The U.S. government seized this land from Native American tribes in violation of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868.
Mount Rushmore has been a focal point for protests, particularly in the 1970s American Indian Movement, as it symbolizes broken treaties and the monument’s representation of U.S. history from a colonizer’s perspective.
In 1948, the Lakota Sioux began carving the Crazy Horse Memorial in the Black Hills as a response to Mount Rushmore. Crazy Horse is remembered for defending his people’s land and way of life against U.S. encroachment.
The unfinished memorial honors the Oglala Lakota leader, depicting him on horseback pointing to his tribal land.
When completed, the sculpture will be one of the largest in the world. The face of Crazy Horse was finished in 1998; it is 87 feet tall, much larger than the 60-foot-high presidential heads on Mount Rushmore.
Take a look at the massive, yet unfinished, sculpture in this video
There is no fifth face on Mount Rushmore. However, many visitors and historians refer to Ben Black Elk, a Lakota Sioux elder, as the unofficial “fifth face.”
Benjamin Black Elk was an Oglala Lakota actor, American Indian advocate and educator. Ben Black Elk testified to Congress on indigenous affairs and greeted visitors at the monument for 27 years, starting in the 1940s. He posed for up to 5,000 photographs with tourists daily.
The National Park Service stated that there are no plans to add a fifth face to Mount Rushmore. Despite proposals, no changes have been made due to structural and historical constraints.
Over the years, several figures, including Susan B. Anthony, John F. Kennedy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Ronald Reagan, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump have been proposed as potential additions.
References for Facts About Mount Rushmore:
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